Falsifications and Fraud in Science: circulus vitiosus or a Pattern?

Abstract

As long as scientific research has existed since ancient times, there have been deliberate attempts to substitute and imitate research results. The desire and temptation to quickly achieve the desired results, and then the long-awaited fame, can lead to the temptation to show results and scientific achievements, which, in fact, are "adjusted" to the expected outcome. Errors often accompany any study, objectively or subjectively caused by methodological, statistical or simply elementary errors, especially in multicenter studies, which combine data from hundreds and thousands ofpatients from clinics of various therapeutic and scientific potential. Theoretically, it is always possible to embellish the research results to a certain extent, "without getting too carried away." In this case, the scrupulousness and basic honesty of the authors of the work is crucial. Another thing is the desire to achieve the desired result, which seems logical to you, but still does not line up in numbers and graphs, to get a result that paves the way to a well-known and respected magazine. In the end, all this "creativity" comes at a high price to society, where the brilliance and radiance of awards and titles multiply, neatly draped in success, and unresolved problems.