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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">mossj</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Московский хирургический журнал</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Moscow Surgical Journal</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2072-3180</issn><publisher><publisher-name>ООО «ПРОФИЛЬ – 2С»</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17238/2072-3180-2025-4-222-227</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">mossj-1107</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ЛИТЕРАТУРНЫЕ ОБЗОРЫ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>LITERARY REVIEWS</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Опухоли средостения: классификация, патогенез и современные стратегии диагностики и лечения</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Mediastinal Tumors: Classification, Pathogenesis, and Modern Approaches to Diagnosis and Treatment</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0006-1317-6162</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Хмара</surname><given-names>А. Д.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Khamara</surname><given-names>A. D.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Хмара Артём Дмитриевич – к.м.н., врач-хирург торакального хирургического отделения </p><p>410012, ул. Большая Казачья, д. 112, г. Саратов</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Khmara Artem Dmitrievich – Candidate of Medical Sciences, surgeon at the Thoracic Surgical Department </p><p>410012, Bolshaya Kazachya St., 112, Saratov</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">premdania@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5859-7928</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Капралов</surname><given-names>С. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kapralov</surname><given-names>S. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Капралов Сергей Владимирович – д.м.н., доцент, заведующий кафедрой факультетской хирургии и онкологии </p><p>410012, ул. Большая Казачья, д. 112, г. Саратов</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Kapralov Sergey Vladimirovich – Doctor of Medicine Sciences, associate professor, Head of the Department of Faculty Surgery and Oncology </p><p>410012, Bolshaya Kazachya St., 112, Saratov</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">sergejkapralov@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7538-7412</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Полиданов</surname><given-names>М. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Polidanov</surname><given-names>M. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Полиданов Максим Андреевич – специалист научно-исследовательского отдела, ассистент кафедры медико-биологических дисциплин </p><p>198099, ул. Калинина, д. 8, кор. 2, лит. А, Санкт-Петербург</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Polidanov Maxim Andreevich – Research department specialist, assistant of the Department of Biomedical Disciplines </p><p>198099, Kalinina St., 8, bld. 2, lit. A, Saint Petersburg</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">maksim.polidanoff@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0003-3401-8364</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Лебедев</surname><given-names>М. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Lebedev</surname><given-names>M. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Лебедев Максим Сергеевич – к.м.н., врач-хирург торакального хирургического отделения </p><p>410012, ул. Большая Казачья, д. 112, г. Саратов</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Lebedev Maksim Sergeevich – Candidate of Medical Sciences, surgeon at the Thoracic Surgical Department </p><p>410012, Bolshaya Kazachya St., 112, Saratov</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">premdania@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Масляков</surname><given-names>В. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Maslyakov</surname><given-names>V. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Масляков Владимир Владимирович – д.м.н., профессор, профессор кафедры мобилизационной подготовки здравоохранения и медицины катастроф </p><p>410012, ул. Большая Казачья, д. 112, г. Саратов</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Maslyakov Vladimir Vladimirovich – Doctor of Medical Sciences, Professor, Professor of the Department of Mobilization Preparedness in Healthcare and Disaster Medicine </p><p>410012, Bolshaya Kazachya St., 112, Saratov</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">maslyakov@inbox.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0001-0186-7023</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Цуканова</surname><given-names>П. Б.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Tsvkanova</surname><given-names>P. B.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Цуканова Полина Борисовна – студент 3 курса лечебного факультета </p><p>198099, ул. Калинина, д. 8, кор. 2, лит. А, Санкт-Петербург</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Tsukanova Polina Borisovna – 3-rd year student, Faculty of Medicine </p><p>198099, Kalinina St., 8, bld. 2, lit. A, Saint Petersburg</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">p.b.tsukanova@reaviz.online</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3803-2644</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Волков</surname><given-names>К. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Volkov</surname><given-names>K. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Волков Кирилл Андреевич – студент 4 курса Института клинической медицины </p><p>410012, ул. Большая Казачья, д. 112, г. Саратов</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Volkov Kirill Andreevich – 4-th year student at the Institute of Clinical Medicine </p><p>410012, Bolshaya Kazachya St., 112, Saratov</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">kvolee@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0006-0644-7278</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кашихин</surname><given-names>А. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kashikhin</surname><given-names>A. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Кашихин Андрей Андреевич – студент 4 курса лечебного факультета </p><p>198099, ул. Калинина, д. 8, кор. 2, лит. А, Санкт-Петербург</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Kashihin Andrey Andreevich – 4-th year student, Faculty of Medicine </p><p>198099, Kalinina St., 8, bld. 2, lit. A, Saint Petersburg</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">a.a.kashihin@reaviz.online</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Котенко</surname><given-names>Е. Н.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kotenko</surname><given-names>E. N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Котенко Елена Николаевна – студент 3 курса стоматологического факультета </p><p>198099, ул. Калинина, д. 8, кор. 2, лит. А, Санкт-Петербург</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Kotenko Elena Nikolaevna – 3-rd year student of the Dental Faculty </p><p>198099, Kalinina St., 8, bld. 2, lit. A, Saint Petersburg</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">elena.nik.kotenko@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0005-2699-4271</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Расулова</surname><given-names>Р. Ш.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Rasulova</surname><given-names>R. Sh.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Расулова Разияхалум Шамиловна – студент 2 курса Института стоматологии </p><p>410012, ул. Большая Казачья, д. 112, г. Саратов</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Rasulova Raziyahalum Shamilovna – 2-nd-year student of the Dental Institute </p><p>410012, Bolshaya Kazachya St., 112, Saratov</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">sss.aaa1213@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБОУ ВО «Саратовский государственный медицинский университет имени В.И. Разумовского» Минздрава России</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Saratov State Medical University named after V.I. Razumovsky of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ЧУОО ВО «Университет «Реавиз»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>University «Reaviz»</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>15</day><month>12</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>0</volume><issue>4</issue><fpage>222</fpage><lpage>227</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Хмара А.Д., Капралов С.В., Полиданов М.А., Лебедев М.С., Масляков В.В., Цуканова П.Б., Волков К.А., Кашихин А.А., Котенко Е.Н., Расулова Р.Ш., 2025</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Хмара А.Д., Капралов С.В., Полиданов М.А., Лебедев М.С., Масляков В.В., Цуканова П.Б., Волков К.А., Кашихин А.А., Котенко Е.Н., Расулова Р.Ш.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Khamara A.D., Kapralov S.V., Polidanov M.A., Lebedev M.S., Maslyakov V.V., Tsvkanova P.B., Volkov K.A., Kashikhin A.A., Kotenko E.N., Rasulova R.S.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.mossj.ru/jour/article/view/1107">https://www.mossj.ru/jour/article/view/1107</self-uri><abstract><p>Введение. Актуальность изучения опухолей средостения обусловлена оптимизацией диагностики и повышением эффективности лечения больных этими новообразованиями, а также выбором оптимальной тактики лечения. Цель исследования. Рассмотрение современных аспектов диагностики и лечения опухолей средостения. Материалы и методы исследования. Для анализа использовались различные базы данных, такие как MedLine, Science Direct, PubMed и eLIBRARY. ru. Поиск осуществлялся по ключевым словам. Методы исследования включали аналитический анализ и обобщение данных. Результаты. Выбор метода хирургического лечения должен основываться на тщательной оценке каждого конкретного случая. Согласно клиническим рекомендациям, торакоскопия предпочтительна при опухолях размером 2–5 см, наличии опытной хирургической команды и отсутствии тяжелой сопутствующей патологии. Открытые операции остаются методом выбора при гигантских лейомиомах, центральной локализации у кардии и сочетании с другими заболеваниями пищевода. Заключение. Современные исследования подтверждают, что при правильном отборе пациентов торакоскопические методики обеспечивают сопоставимую радикальность при значительном снижении травматичности вмешательства. Однако окончательное решение должно приниматься с учетом всех клинических факторов и технических возможностей медицинского учреждения. При гигантских опухолях и сложной локализации открытые операции сохраняют свою актуальность. Современные исследования показывают, что торакоскопические методики при правильном отборе пациентов обеспечивают аналогичную радикальность при значительном снижении травматичности.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Introduction. The relevance of the study of tumors of the plexus is due to the optimization of diagnosis and improvement of treatment efficiency of patients with these neoplasms, as well as the choice of optimal treatment tactics. Materials and Methods. For the analysis, various databases were used, including MedLine, Science Direct, PubMed, and eLIBRARY.ru. The search was conducted using keywords. Research methods included analytical analysis and generalization of data. Results. The choice of surgical treatment should be based on a thorough evaluation of each individual case. According to clinical guidelines, thoracoscopy is preferred for tumors measuring 2–5 cm, availability of an experienced surgical team, and absence of severe comorbid pathology. Open surgeries remain the method of choice for giant leiomyomas, central localization near the cardia, and cases combined with other esophageal diseases. Conclusion. Modern studies confirm that thoracoscopic techniques provide comparable radicality with significantly reduced invasiveness when patients are properly selected. However, the final decision must consider all clinical factors and the technical capabilities of the medical facility. Open surgeries remain relevant for giant tumors and complex localizations. Current evidence demonstrates that thoracoscopic approaches, under appropriate patient selection, achieve equivalent efficacy while minimizing procedural trauma</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>Опухоли средостения</kwd><kwd>классификация опухолей</kwd><kwd>патогенез</kwd><kwd>эпидемиология опухолей</kwd><kwd>диагностика опухолей</kwd><kwd>комплексное лечение</kwd><kwd>метастатические опухоли</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>mediastinal tumors</kwd><kwd>tumor classification</kwd><kwd>pathogenesis</kwd><kwd>tumor epidemiology</kwd><kwd>tumor diagnosis</kwd><kwd>integrated treatment</kwd><kwd>metastatic tumors</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Shields, T.W. Mediastinal tumors: Clinical presentation and management. 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